fixed invalid pointer error
[vkrt] / src / vk.c
index de807a4..546f283 100644 (file)
--- a/src/vk.c
+++ b/src/vk.c
@@ -9,7 +9,18 @@
 
 static VkViewport viewport;
 static VkRect2D scissor;
-static bool enable_layers = true;
+static VkPipelineCache pipeline_cache;
+
+/* when I extend the program to use more than one buffers
+ * I might need to store them in this list and access it
+ * using multiple threads
+ *
+ * man realloc
+ */
+#if 0
+static VkCommandBuffer *command_buffers;
+static uint32_t num_command_buffers;
+#endif
 
 /* static functions */
 
@@ -137,7 +148,7 @@ create_instance(bool enable_layers)
     /* VkApplicationInfo */
     memset(&app_info, 0, sizeof app_info);
     app_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
-    app_info.pApplicationName = "vktest";
+    app_info.pApplicationName = "hikikornd";
     app_info.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_1;
 
     /* VkInstanceCreateInfo */
@@ -251,91 +262,156 @@ create_cmd_pool(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
 {
     VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cmd_pool_info;
     VkCommandPool cmd_pool;
-    VkDevice dev = ctx->dev;
 
     memset(&cmd_pool_info, 0, sizeof cmd_pool_info);
     cmd_pool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
     cmd_pool_info.queueFamilyIndex = ctx->qfam_idx;
     cmd_pool_info.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
 
-    if (vkCreateCommandPool(dev, &cmd_pool_info, 0, &cmd_pool) != VK_SUCCESS)
+    if (vkCreateCommandPool(ctx->dev, &cmd_pool_info, 0, &cmd_pool) != VK_SUCCESS)
         return 0;
 
     return cmd_pool;
 }
 
-static VkRenderPass
-create_renderpass(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                  struct vk_image_props *color_img_props,
-                  struct vk_image_props *depth_img_props)
+static VkPipelineCache
+create_pipeline_cache(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
 {
-    uint32_t num_attachments = 2;
-    VkAttachmentDescription att_dsc[2];
-    VkAttachmentReference att_rfc[2];
-    VkSubpassDescription subpass_dsc[1];
-    VkRenderPassCreateInfo rpass_info;
-
-    /* VkAttachmentDescription */
-    memset(att_dsc, 0, num_attachments * sizeof att_dsc[0]);
-
-    att_dsc[0].samples = get_num_samples(color_img_props->num_samples);
-    att_dsc[0].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
-    att_dsc[0].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-    att_dsc[0].initialLayout = color_img_props->in_layout;
-    att_dsc[0].finalLayout = color_img_props->end_layout;
-    att_dsc[0].format = color_img_props->format;
-    att_dsc[0].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
-    att_dsc[0].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+    VkPipelineCacheCreateInfo pc_info;
+    VkPipelineCache pcache;
 
-    att_dsc[1].samples = get_num_samples(depth_img_props->num_samples);
+    memset(&pc_info, 0, sizeof pc_info);
+    pc_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_CACHE_CREATE_INFO;
 
-    /* We might want to reuse a depth buffer */
-    if (depth_img_props->in_layout != VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED) {
-        att_dsc[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
-        att_dsc[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
-    }
-    else {
-        att_dsc[1].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
-        att_dsc[1].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+    if (vkCreatePipelineCache(ctx->dev, &pc_info, 0, &pcache) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create a pipeline cache.\n");
+        return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     }
 
-    att_dsc[1].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-    att_dsc[1].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
-    att_dsc[1].initialLayout = depth_img_props->in_layout;
-    att_dsc[1].finalLayout = depth_img_props->end_layout;
-    att_dsc[1].format = depth_img_props->format;
+    return pcache;
+}
 
-    /* VkAttachmentReference */
-    memset(att_rfc, 0, num_attachments * sizeof att_rfc[0]);
+bool
+vk_create_renderpass(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                     uint32_t num_color_atts,
+                     struct vk_att_props *color_props,
+                     struct vk_att_props *depth_props,
+                     VkRenderPass *renderpass)
+{
+    VkAttachmentDescription *att_dsc;
+    VkAttachmentReference *att_rfc;
 
-    att_rfc[0].layout = color_img_props->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
-    att_rfc[0].attachment = 0;
+    /* one subpass for the moment: */
+    VkSubpassDescription subpass_dsc[1];
+    VkSubpassDependency subpass_dep;
+
+    VkRenderPassCreateInfo rpass_info;
 
-    att_rfc[1].layout = depth_img_props->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL : VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
-    att_rfc[1].attachment = 1;
+    int i;
+    uint32_t num_atts = num_color_atts + 1;
+    bool has_layout = depth_props->in_layout != VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+
+    att_dsc = malloc(num_atts * sizeof att_dsc[0]);
+    att_rfc = malloc(num_atts * sizeof att_rfc[0]);
+
+    memset(att_dsc, 0, num_atts * sizeof att_dsc[0]);
+    memset(att_rfc, 0, num_atts * sizeof att_rfc[0]);
+
+    /* color attachments description (we can have many) */
+    for (i = 0; i < num_color_atts; i++) {
+        att_dsc[i].samples = get_num_samples(color_props[i].num_samples);
+        att_dsc[i].initialLayout = color_props[i].in_layout;
+        att_dsc[i].finalLayout = color_props[i].end_layout;
+        att_dsc[i].format = color_props[i].format;
+
+        att_dsc[i].loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+        att_dsc[i].storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+        att_dsc[i].stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+        att_dsc[i].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+
+        att_rfc[i].attachment = i;
+        att_rfc[i].layout = color_props[i].tiling != VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL ?
+                                                     VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL :
+                                                     VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+    }
+
+    /* depth attachment description (we can have only one) */
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].samples = get_num_samples(depth_props->num_samples);
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].initialLayout = depth_props->in_layout;
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].finalLayout = depth_props->end_layout;
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].format = depth_props->format;
+    /* we might want to reuse the depth buffer when it's filled */
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].loadOp = has_layout ?
+                               VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD :
+                               VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].stencilLoadOp = has_layout ?
+                                      VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD :
+                                      VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
+    att_dsc[num_color_atts].stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+    att_rfc[num_color_atts].layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+    att_rfc[num_color_atts].attachment = num_color_atts;
 
     /* VkSubpassDescription */
     memset(&subpass_dsc, 0, sizeof subpass_dsc);
     subpass_dsc[0].pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
-    subpass_dsc[0].colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+    subpass_dsc[0].colorAttachmentCount = num_color_atts;
     subpass_dsc[0].pColorAttachments = &att_rfc[0];
-    subpass_dsc[0].pDepthStencilAttachment = &att_rfc[1];
+    subpass_dsc[0].pDepthStencilAttachment = &att_rfc[num_color_atts];
+
+    /* The subpasses in a render pass automatically take care of
+     * image layout transitions. These transitions are controlled
+     * by subpass dependencies, which specify memory and execution
+     * dependencies between subpasses. We have only a single subpass
+     * right now, but the operations right before and right after
+     * this subpass also count as implicit "subpasses". There are two
+     * built-in dependencies that take care of the transition at the
+     * start of the render pass and at the end of the render pass,
+     * but the former does not occur at the right time. It assumes
+     * that the transition occurs at the start of the pipeline,
+     * but we haven't acquired the image yet at that point! There are
+     * two ways to deal with this problem.
+     *
+     * We could change the waitStages for the frame_ready semaphore
+     * to VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT to ensure that the render
+     * passes don't begin until the image is available, or we can make
+     * the render pass wait for the
+     * VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT stage.
+     */
+
+    /* VkSubpassDependency */
+    memset(&subpass_dep, 0, sizeof subpass_dep);
+    subpass_dep.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+    subpass_dep.dstSubpass = 0;
+    subpass_dep.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+    subpass_dep.srcAccessMask = 0;
+    subpass_dep.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+    subpass_dep.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
 
     /* VkRenderPassCreateInfo */
     memset(&rpass_info, 0, sizeof rpass_info);
     rpass_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
-    rpass_info.attachmentCount = num_attachments;
+    rpass_info.attachmentCount = num_atts;
     rpass_info.pAttachments = att_dsc;
     rpass_info.subpassCount = 1;
     rpass_info.pSubpasses = subpass_dsc;
+    rpass_info.dependencyCount = 1;
+    rpass_info.pDependencies = &subpass_dep;
 
-    VkRenderPass rpass;
-    if (vkCreateRenderPass(ctx->dev, &rpass_info, 0, &rpass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkCreateRenderPass(ctx->dev, &rpass_info, 0, renderpass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create renderpass.\n");
-        rpass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        *renderpass = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+        free(att_dsc);
+        free(att_rfc);
+
+        return false;
     }
 
-    return rpass;
+    free(att_dsc);
+    free(att_rfc);
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 static inline VkImageType
@@ -350,8 +426,9 @@ get_image_type(uint32_t h, uint32_t d)
     return VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
 }
 
+#if 0
 static VkImageViewType
-get_image_view_type(struct vk_image_props *props)
+get_image_view_type(struct vk_att_props *props)
 {
     VkImageType type = get_image_type(props->h, props->depth);
     switch(type) {
@@ -381,6 +458,7 @@ get_image_view_type(struct vk_image_props *props)
             return VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
     }
 }
+#endif
 
 static VkImageAspectFlagBits
 get_aspect_from_depth_format(VkFormat depth_format)
@@ -428,130 +506,78 @@ get_pipeline_stage_flags(const VkImageLayout layout)
     return 0;
 }
 
+#if 0
 static bool
-create_image_view(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                  VkImage image,
-                  VkImageViewType view_type,
-                  VkFormat format,
-                  VkImageSubresourceRange sr,
-                  bool is_swapchain,
-                  VkImageView *image_view)
+create_attachment_views(struct vk_ctx *ctx, int num_color_att,
+                        struct vk_attachment *color_att,
+                        struct vk_attachment *depth_att)
 {
-    VkImageViewCreateInfo info;
-
-    memset(&info, 0, sizeof info);
-    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
-    info.image = image;
-    info.viewType = view_type;
-    info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
-    info.format = format;
-    info.subresourceRange = sr;
+    VkImageSubresourceRange sr;
+    int i;
 
-    if (is_swapchain) {
-        info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R;
-        info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G;
-        info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B;
-        info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A;
-    }
+    vk_create_image_view(ctx, depth_att->obj.img, VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+                         depth_att->props.format, false,
+                         &depth_att->obj.img_view);
 
-    if (vkCreateImageView(ctx->dev, &info, 0, image_view) != VK_SUCCESS) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create image view.\n");
-        image_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    memset(&sr, 0, sizeof sr);
+    sr.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
 
-        return false;
+    for (i = 0; i < num_color_att; i++) {
+        vk_create_image_view(ctx, color_att[i].obj.img, VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+                             color_att[i].props.format,
+                             color_att[i].props.is_swapchain,
+                             &color_att[i].obj.img_view);
     }
 
     return true;
 }
 
-static void
-create_framebuffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                   struct vk_image_att *color_att,
-                   struct vk_image_att *depth_att,
-                   struct vk_renderer *renderer)
+static bool
+create_framebuffer_from_attachments(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                                    int width, int height,
+                                    int num_color_atts,
+                                    struct vk_attachment *color_att,
+                                    struct vk_attachment *depth_att,
+                                    struct vk_renderer *renderer)
 {
-    VkImageSubresourceRange sr;
     VkFramebufferCreateInfo fb_info;
-    VkImageView atts[2];
-    VkImageViewType view_type = get_image_view_type(&color_att->props);
-
-    if (!color_att->obj.img || !depth_att->obj.img) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Invalid framebuffer attachment image.\n");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
-    /* create image views */
+    VkImageView *atts;
+    int i;
+    int num_atts = num_color_atts + 1;
 
-    /* VKImageSubresourceRange */
-    memset(&sr, 0, sizeof sr);
-    sr.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
-    /* If an application wants to use all mip levels
-     * or layers in an image after the baseMipLevel
-     * or baseArrayLayer, it can set levelCount and
-     * layerCount to the special values
-     * VK_REMAINING_MIP_LEVELS and
-     * VK_REMAINING_ARRAY_LAYERS without knowing the
-     * exact number of mip levels or layers.
-     */
-    sr.baseMipLevel = 0;
-    sr.levelCount = color_att->props.num_levels;
-    sr.baseArrayLayer = 0;
-    sr.layerCount = color_att->props.num_layers;
-
-    /* color view */
-    if (!create_image_view(ctx, color_att->obj.img, view_type, color_att->props.format, sr, false, &color_att->obj.img_view)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create color image view for framebuffer.\n");
-        vk_destroy_image(ctx, &color_att->obj);
-        goto fail;
-    }
+    atts = malloc(num_atts * sizeof atts[0]);
 
-    /* depth view */
-    memset(&sr, 0, sizeof sr);
-    sr.aspectMask = get_aspect_from_depth_format(depth_att->props.format);
-    sr.baseMipLevel = 0;
-    sr.levelCount = depth_att->props.num_levels ? depth_att->props.num_levels : 1;
-    sr.baseArrayLayer = 0;
-    sr.layerCount = depth_att->props.num_layers ? depth_att->props.num_layers : 1;
-
-    if (!create_image_view(ctx, depth_att->obj.img,
-                           depth_att->props.num_layers > 1 ?
-                           VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D_ARRAY :
-                           VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
-                           depth_att->props.format,
-                           sr,
-                           false,
-                           &depth_att->obj.img_view)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create depth image view for framebuffer.\n");
-        vk_destroy_image(ctx, &depth_att->obj);
-        goto fail;
+    for (i = 0; i < num_color_atts; i++) {
+        atts[i] = color_att[i].obj.img_view;
     }
-
-    atts[0] = color_att->obj.img_view;
-    atts[1] = depth_att->obj.img_view;
+    atts[num_color_atts] = depth_att->obj.img_view;
 
     memset(&fb_info, 0, sizeof fb_info);
     fb_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
     fb_info.renderPass = renderer->renderpass;
-    fb_info.width = color_att->props.w;
-    fb_info.height = color_att->props.h;
-    fb_info.layers = color_att->props.num_layers ? color_att->props.num_layers : 1;
-    fb_info.attachmentCount = 2;
+    fb_info.width = width;
+    fb_info.height = height;
+    fb_info.layers = 1;
+    fb_info.attachmentCount = num_atts;
     fb_info.pAttachments = atts;
 
-    if (vkCreateFramebuffer(ctx->dev, &fb_info, 0, &renderer->fb) != VK_SUCCESS)
-        goto fail;
+    if (vkCreateFramebuffer(ctx->dev, &fb_info, 0, &renderer->fb) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create framebuffer.\n");
+        free(atts);
+        renderer->fb = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
-    return;
+        return false;
+    }
 
-fail:
-    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create framebuffer.\n");
-    renderer->fb = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    free(atts);
+    return true;
 }
+#endif
 
 static VkShaderModule
 create_shader_module(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-             const char *src,
-             unsigned int size)
+                     const char *src,
+                     unsigned int size)
 {
     VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sm_info;
     VkShaderModule sm;
@@ -571,18 +597,76 @@ create_shader_module(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 }
 
 static void
-create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                uint32_t width,
-                uint32_t height,
-                uint32_t num_samples,
-                bool enable_depth,
-                bool enable_stencil,
-                struct vk_renderer *renderer)
+create_vertex_descriptions(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                           struct vk_geometry *geometry,
+                           int num_bind_dsc,
+                           VkVertexInputBindingDescription *bind_dsc,
+                           int num_att_dsc,
+                           VkVertexInputAttributeDescription *att_dsc)
 {
-    VkVertexInputBindingDescription vert_bind_dsc[1];
-    VkVertexInputAttributeDescription vert_att_dsc[1];
+    VkFormat format;
+    VkFormatProperties fmt_props;
+    uint32_t stride;
+
+    assert(num_bind_dsc == num_att_dsc);
+
+    memset(bind_dsc, 0, num_bind_dsc * sizeof bind_dsc[0]);
+    memset(att_dsc, 0, num_att_dsc * sizeof att_dsc[0]);
+
+    /* FIXME!!! format and stride!!
+     * We have 3D Vectors so we need an RGB format:
+     * R for x, G for y, B for z
+     * If we need to set the w we need an RGBA format!
+     * the stride (distance between 2 consecutive elements
+     * must be 8 as we use 32bits floats and 32bits = 8bytes
+     */
+    format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
+       vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(ctx->pdev, format, &fmt_props);
+       assert(fmt_props.bufferFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT);
+    stride = 8;
+
+    /* Assumming that:
+     * 0 = vertices
+     * 1 = indices
+     * 2 = normals
+     * 3 = tangets
+     */
+
+    if (geometry->vertices.num_vertices) {
+        att_dsc[0].location = VERTEX_LOC;
+        att_dsc[0].binding = VERTEX_BIND;
+        att_dsc[0].format = format;
+        att_dsc[0].offset = 0;
+
+        bind_dsc[0].binding = VERTEX_BIND;
+        bind_dsc[0].stride = stride;
+        bind_dsc[0].inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
+    }
+
+    if (geometry->indices.num_vertices) {
+    }
+
+    if (geometry->normals.num_vertices) {
+    }
+
+    if (geometry->tangents.num_vertices) {
+    }
+}
 
-    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState cb_att_state[1];
+static bool
+create_graphics_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                         uint32_t width,
+                         uint32_t height,
+                         uint32_t num_samples,
+                         uint32_t num_color_atts,
+                         bool enable_depth,
+                         bool enable_stencil,
+                         struct vk_renderer *renderer)
+{
+    VkVertexInputBindingDescription vert_bind_dsc[4];
+    VkVertexInputAttributeDescription vert_att_dsc[4];
+
+    VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState *cb_att_state;
     VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vert_input_info;
     VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo asm_info;
     VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport_info;
@@ -603,6 +687,7 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     VkPipelineLayout pipeline_layout;
     uint32_t stride;
 
+    /* FIXME */
     /* format of vertex attributes:
      * we have 2D vectors so we need a RG format:
      * R for x, G for y
@@ -614,35 +699,37 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     assert(fmt_props.bufferFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT);
     stride = 8;
 
+    // create_vertex_descriptions(ctx, renderer->geometry, 1, vert_bind_dsc, 1, vert_att_dsc);
+    memset(vert_att_dsc, 0, 4 * sizeof vert_att_dsc[0]);
+    memset(vert_bind_dsc, 0, 4 * sizeof vert_bind_dsc[0]);
+
     /* VkVertexInputAttributeDescription */
-    memset(&vert_att_dsc, 0, sizeof vert_att_dsc);
     vert_att_dsc[0].location = 0;
     vert_att_dsc[0].binding = 0;
     vert_att_dsc[0].format = format; /* see comment */
     vert_att_dsc[0].offset = 0;
 
     /* VkVertexInputBindingDescription */
-    memset(&vert_bind_dsc, 0, sizeof vert_bind_dsc);
     vert_bind_dsc[0].binding = 0;
     vert_bind_dsc[0].stride = stride;
     vert_bind_dsc[0].inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
 
     /* If using vbo, we have setup vertex_info in the renderer. */
-    bool use_vbo = renderer->vertex_info.num_verts > 0;
+    bool has_geometry = renderer->geometry;
 
     /* VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo */
     memset(&vert_input_info, 0, sizeof vert_input_info);
     vert_input_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
-    vert_input_info.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = use_vbo ? 1 : 0;
+    vert_input_info.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = renderer->geometry ? 1 : 0;
     vert_input_info.pVertexBindingDescriptions = vert_bind_dsc;
-    vert_input_info.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = use_vbo ? 1 : 0;
+    vert_input_info.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = renderer->geometry ? 1 : 0;
     vert_input_info.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = vert_att_dsc;
 
     /* VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo */
     memset(&asm_info, 0, sizeof asm_info);
     asm_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
-    asm_info.topology = renderer->vertex_info.topology ?
-                        renderer->vertex_info.topology
+    asm_info.topology = has_geometry ?
+                        renderer->geometry->topo
                         : VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_STRIP;
     asm_info.primitiveRestartEnable = false;
 
@@ -677,7 +764,7 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     /* VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo */
     memset(&ms_info, 0, sizeof ms_info);
     ms_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
-    ms_info.rasterizationSamples = num_samples;
+    ms_info.rasterizationSamples = get_num_samples(num_samples);
 
     /* VkStencilOpState */
     /* The default values for ES are taken by Topi Pohjolainen's code */
@@ -723,16 +810,23 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     ds_info.front = ds_info.back;
 
     /* VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState */
-    memset(&cb_att_state[0], 0, sizeof cb_att_state[0]);
-    cb_att_state[0].colorWriteMask = (VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
-                                      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
-                                      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
-                                      VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT);
+    cb_att_state = malloc(num_color_atts * sizeof cb_att_state[0]);
+    if (!cb_att_state) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to allocate color blend attachment state for each attachment.\n");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    memset(cb_att_state, 0, num_color_atts * sizeof cb_att_state[0]);
+    for (i = 0; i < num_color_atts; i++) {
+        cb_att_state[i].colorWriteMask = (VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
+                                          VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+                                          VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
+                                          VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT);
+    }
 
     /* VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo */
     memset(&cb_info, 0, sizeof cb_info);
     cb_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
-    cb_info.attachmentCount = 1;
+    cb_info.attachmentCount = num_color_atts;
     cb_info.pAttachments = cb_att_state;
     /* default in ES 3.1 */
     for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
@@ -763,10 +857,11 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     layout_info.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
     layout_info.pPushConstantRanges = pc_range;
 
-    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(ctx->dev, &layout_info, 0, &pipeline_layout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(ctx->dev, &layout_info,
+                               0, &pipeline_layout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create pipeline layout\n");
         renderer->pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-        return;
+        goto fail;
     }
 
     renderer->pipeline_layout = pipeline_layout;
@@ -791,25 +886,15 @@ create_pipeline(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                                   &renderer->pipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create graphics pipeline.\n");
         renderer->pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        goto fail;
     }
-}
-
-static VkCommandBuffer
-create_cmd_buf(VkDevice dev, VkCommandPool cmd_pool)
-{
-    VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf;
-    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo alloc_info;
-
-    memset(&alloc_info, 0, sizeof alloc_info);
-    alloc_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
-    alloc_info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
-    alloc_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
-    alloc_info.commandPool = cmd_pool;
 
-    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev, &alloc_info, &cmd_buf) != VK_SUCCESS)
-        return 0;
+    free(cb_att_state);
+    return true;
 
-    return cmd_buf;
+fail:
+    free(cb_att_state);
+    return false;
 }
 
 static uint32_t
@@ -856,10 +941,11 @@ alloc_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 
     memset(&mem_alloc_info, 0, sizeof mem_alloc_info);
     mem_alloc_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
-    mem_alloc_info.pNext = &exp_mem_info;
+    mem_alloc_info.pNext = is_external ? &exp_mem_info : VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     mem_alloc_info.allocationSize = mem_reqs->size;
-    mem_alloc_info.memoryTypeIndex =
-        get_memory_type_idx(ctx->pdev, mem_reqs, prop_flags);
+    mem_alloc_info.memoryTypeIndex = get_memory_type_idx(ctx->pdev,
+                                                         mem_reqs,
+                                                         prop_flags);
 
     if (mem_alloc_info.memoryTypeIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
         fprintf(stderr, "No suitable memory type index found.\n");
@@ -883,7 +969,9 @@ alloc_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 }
 
 static bool
-alloc_image_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
+alloc_image_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                   bool is_external,
+                   struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
 {
     VkMemoryDedicatedRequirements ded_reqs;
     VkImageMemoryRequirementsInfo2 req_info2;
@@ -904,13 +992,13 @@ alloc_image_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
 
     vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2(ctx->dev, &req_info2, &mem_reqs2);
     img_obj->mobj.mem = alloc_memory(ctx,
-                                     true, /* is_external = FIXME */
+                                     is_external,
                                      &mem_reqs2.memoryRequirements,
                                      ded_reqs.requiresDedicatedAllocation ?
                                         img_obj->img : VK_NULL_HANDLE,
                                      VK_NULL_HANDLE,
                                      mem_reqs2.memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits &
-                                        VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
+                                     VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
 
     img_obj->mobj.mem_sz = mem_reqs2.memoryRequirements.size;
     img_obj->mobj.dedicated = ded_reqs.requiresDedicatedAllocation;
@@ -929,7 +1017,7 @@ alloc_image_memory(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
 }
 
 static bool
-are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_props *props)
+are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_att_props *props)
 {
     VkPhysicalDeviceExternalImageFormatInfo ext_img_fmt_info;
     VkExternalImageFormatProperties ext_img_fmt_props;
@@ -937,6 +1025,7 @@ are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_props *props)
     int i;
     VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 img_fmt_info;
     VkImageFormatProperties2 img_fmt_props;
+
     VkImageUsageFlagBits all_flags[] = {
         VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
         VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT,
@@ -958,37 +1047,39 @@ are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_props *props)
     };
     VkImageUsageFlagBits flags = 0;
 
-    VkExternalMemoryFeatureFlagBits export_feature_flags =
-        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT;
-    VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits handle_type =
-        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;
+    VkExternalMemoryFeatureFlagBits export_feature_flags = props->need_export ?
+        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FEATURE_EXPORTABLE_BIT : 0;
+    VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits handle_type = props->need_export ?
+        VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR : 0;
 
-    memset(&ext_img_fmt_info, 0, sizeof ext_img_fmt_info);
-    ext_img_fmt_info.sType =
-        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO;
-    ext_img_fmt_info.handleType = handle_type;
+    if (props->need_export) {
+        memset(&ext_img_fmt_info, 0, sizeof ext_img_fmt_info);
+        ext_img_fmt_info.sType =
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO;
+        ext_img_fmt_info.handleType = handle_type;
 
-    memset(&ext_img_fmt_props, 0, sizeof ext_img_fmt_props);
-    ext_img_fmt_props.sType =
-        VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES;
+        memset(&ext_img_fmt_props, 0, sizeof ext_img_fmt_props);
+        ext_img_fmt_props.sType =
+            VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES;
+    }
 
     memset(&img_fmt_props, 0, sizeof img_fmt_props);
     img_fmt_props.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
-    img_fmt_props.pNext = &ext_img_fmt_props;
+    img_fmt_props.pNext = props->need_export ? &ext_img_fmt_props : 0;
 
     memset(&img_fmt_info, 0, sizeof img_fmt_info);
     img_fmt_info.sType =
         VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2;
-    img_fmt_info.pNext = &ext_img_fmt_info;
+    img_fmt_info.pNext = props->need_export ? &ext_img_fmt_info : 0;
     img_fmt_info.format = props->format;
-    img_fmt_info.type = get_image_type(props->h, props->depth);
+    img_fmt_info.type = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
     img_fmt_info.tiling = props->tiling;
 
     for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(all_flags); i++) {
         img_fmt_info.usage = all_flags[i];
         if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(ctx->pdev,
-                    &img_fmt_info,
-                    &img_fmt_props) == VK_SUCCESS) {
+                                                      &img_fmt_info,
+                                                      &img_fmt_props) == VK_SUCCESS) {
             flags |= all_flags[i];
         }
     }
@@ -996,10 +1087,12 @@ are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_props *props)
     /* usage can't be null */
     if (flags) {
         img_fmt_info.usage = flags;
-    }
-    else {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported Vulkan format properties: usage.\n");
-        return false;
+    } else {
+        if (!props->is_swapchain) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Unsupported Vulkan format properties: usage.\n");
+            return false;
+        }
+        img_fmt_info.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
     }
 
     if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2
@@ -1024,7 +1117,7 @@ are_props_supported(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_props *props)
 
 static bool
 sc_validate_surface(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                 VkSurfaceKHR surf)
+                    VkSurfaceKHR surf)
 {
     VkBool32 supported;
     if (!surf) {
@@ -1032,7 +1125,8 @@ sc_validate_surface(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         return false;
     }
 
-    if(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(ctx->pdev, ctx->qfam_idx, surf, &supported) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if(vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(ctx->pdev, ctx->qfam_idx,
+                                            surf, &supported) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to validate surface.\n");
         return false;
     }
@@ -1053,7 +1147,9 @@ sc_select_format(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     VkSurfaceFormatKHR *formats;
     uint32_t num_formats;
 
-    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_formats, 0) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(ctx->pdev,
+                                             surf,
+                                             &num_formats, 0) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get the number of surface formats.\n");
         return false;
     }
@@ -1065,7 +1161,8 @@ sc_select_format(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 
     formats = malloc(num_formats * sizeof *formats);
 
-    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_formats, formats) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_formats,
+                                             formats) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get the supported surface formats.\n");
         return false;
     }
@@ -1090,40 +1187,44 @@ sc_select_supported_present_modes(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 {
     VkPresentModeKHR *present_modes;
     uint32_t num_present_modes;
-    int i;
 
     /* find supported present modes */
-    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_present_modes, 0) != VK_SUCCESS || !num_present_modes) {
+    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf,
+                                                  &num_present_modes, 0) != VK_SUCCESS || !num_present_modes) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get the number of the supported presentation modes.\n");
         return false;
     }
 
     present_modes = malloc(num_present_modes * sizeof *present_modes);
-    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_present_modes, present_modes) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf,
+                                                  &num_present_modes,
+                                                  present_modes) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get the number of supported presentation modes.\n");
         return false;
     }
-    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf, &num_present_modes,
+    if (vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(ctx->pdev, surf,
+                                                  &num_present_modes,
                                                   present_modes) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get the supported presentation modes.\n");
         return false;
     }
 
     s_info->presentMode = VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
+#if 0
     if (!has_vsync) {
         for (i = 0; i < num_present_modes; i++) {
             if (present_modes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
                 s_info->presentMode = present_modes[i];
-                goto success;
+                break;
             }
             if (present_modes[i] == VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR) {
                 s_info->presentMode = present_modes[i];
-                goto success;
+                break;
             }
         }
     }
+#endif
 
-success:
     free(present_modes);
     return true;
 }
@@ -1133,7 +1234,8 @@ success:
 /* exposed Vulkan functions */
 
 bool
-vk_init_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
+vk_init_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+            bool enable_layers)
 {
     if ((ctx->inst = create_instance(enable_layers)) == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create Vulkan instance.\n");
@@ -1159,9 +1261,11 @@ fail:
 }
 
 bool
-vk_init_ctx_for_rendering(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
+vk_init_ctx_for_rendering(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                          bool enable_cache,
+                          bool enable_layers)
 {
-    if (!vk_init_ctx(ctx)) {
+    if (!vk_init_ctx(ctx, enable_layers)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to initialize Vulkan.\n");
         return false;
     }
@@ -1171,18 +1275,19 @@ vk_init_ctx_for_rendering(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
         goto fail;
     }
 
-    if ((ctx->cmd_buf = create_cmd_buf(ctx->dev, ctx->cmd_pool)) ==
-                                       VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create command buffer.\n");
-        goto fail;
-    }
-
     vkGetDeviceQueue(ctx->dev, ctx->qfam_idx, 0, &ctx->queue);
     if (!ctx->queue) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get command queue.\n");
         goto fail;
     }
 
+    if (enable_cache) {
+        if (!(pipeline_cache = create_pipeline_cache(ctx))) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create pipeline cache.\n");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
     return true;
 
 fail:
@@ -1191,19 +1296,21 @@ fail:
 }
 
 void
-vk_cleanup_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
+vk_destroy_cmd_buffers(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                       uint32_t num_buffers,
+                       VkCommandBuffer *buffers)
 {
-    if (enable_layers) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if (ctx->cmd_buf != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        vkResetCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf,
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < num_buffers; i++) {
+        vkResetCommandBuffer(buffers[i],
                              VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT);
-        vkFreeCommandBuffers(ctx->dev, ctx->cmd_pool, 1, &ctx->cmd_buf);
-        ctx->cmd_buf = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     }
+    vkFreeCommandBuffers(ctx->dev, ctx->cmd_pool, num_buffers, buffers);
+}
 
+void
+vk_cleanup_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
+{
     if (ctx->cmd_pool != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
         vkResetCommandPool(ctx->dev, ctx->cmd_pool,
                            VK_COMMAND_POOL_RESET_RELEASE_RESOURCES_BIT);
@@ -1211,6 +1318,11 @@ vk_cleanup_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
         ctx->cmd_pool = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     }
 
+    if (pipeline_cache != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        vkDestroyPipelineCache(ctx->dev, pipeline_cache, 0);
+        pipeline_cache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
     if (ctx->dev != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
         vkDestroyDevice(ctx->dev, 0);
         ctx->dev = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -1223,15 +1335,20 @@ vk_cleanup_ctx(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
 }
 
 bool
-vk_create_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                struct vk_image_props *props,
-                struct vk_image_obj *img)
+vk_create_ext_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                    struct vk_att_props *props,
+                    struct vk_image_obj *img)
 {
+    VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo ext_img_info;
     VkImageCreateInfo img_info;
 
+    memset(&ext_img_info, 0, sizeof ext_img_info);
+    ext_img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+    ext_img_info.handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;
+
     memset(&img_info, 0, sizeof img_info);
     img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
-    img_info.pNext = 0; /* do something if external */
+    img_info.pNext = &ext_img_info;
     img_info.imageType = get_image_type(props->h, props->depth);
     img_info.format = props->format;
     img_info.extent.width = props->w;
@@ -1242,15 +1359,20 @@ vk_create_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                            props->num_layers : VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
     img_info.samples = get_num_samples(props->num_samples);
     img_info.tiling = props->tiling;
-    img_info.usage = props->usage ?
-                     props->usage : VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+    img_info.usage = props->usage;
     img_info.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
     img_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+    /* issue 17 of EXT_external_objects
+     * Required in OpenGL implementations that support
+     * ARB_texture_view, OES_texture_view, EXT_texture_view,
+     * or OpenGL 4.3 and above.
+     */
+    img_info.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_MUTABLE_FORMAT_BIT;
 
     if (vkCreateImage(ctx->dev, &img_info, 0, &img->img) != VK_SUCCESS)
         goto fail;
 
-    if(!alloc_image_memory(ctx, img))
+    if(!alloc_image_memory(ctx, true, img))
         goto fail;
 
     return true;
@@ -1263,57 +1385,35 @@ fail:
     return false;
 }
 
-void
-vk_destroy_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
-{
-    if (img_obj->img != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        vkDestroyImage(ctx->dev, img_obj->img, 0);
-        img_obj->img = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-
-    if (img_obj->mobj.mem != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        vkFreeMemory(ctx->dev, img_obj->mobj.mem, 0);
-        img_obj->mobj.mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-}
-
 bool
-vk_create_ext_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                    struct vk_image_props *props, struct vk_image_obj *img)
+vk_create_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                struct vk_att_props *props,
+                struct vk_image_obj *img)
 {
-    VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo ext_img_info;
     VkImageCreateInfo img_info;
 
-    memset(&ext_img_info, 0, sizeof ext_img_info);
-    ext_img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
-    ext_img_info.handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR;
-
     memset(&img_info, 0, sizeof img_info);
     img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
-    img_info.pNext = &ext_img_info;
+    img_info.pNext = 0; /* do something if external */
     img_info.imageType = get_image_type(props->h, props->depth);
     img_info.format = props->format;
     img_info.extent.width = props->w;
     img_info.extent.height = props->h;
     img_info.extent.depth = props->depth;
     img_info.mipLevels = props->num_levels ? props->num_levels : 1;
-    img_info.arrayLayers = props->num_layers ? props->num_layers : VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+    img_info.arrayLayers = props->num_layers ?
+                           props->num_layers : VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
     img_info.samples = get_num_samples(props->num_samples);
     img_info.tiling = props->tiling;
-    img_info.usage = props->usage;
-    img_info.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+    img_info.usage = props->usage ?
+                     props->usage : VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+    img_info.initialLayout = props->in_layout;
     img_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
-    /* issue 17 of EXT_external_objects
-     * Required in OpenGL implementations that support
-     * ARB_texture_view, OES_texture_view, EXT_texture_view,
-     * or OpenGL 4.3 and above.
-     */
-    img_info.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_MUTABLE_FORMAT_BIT;
 
     if (vkCreateImage(ctx->dev, &img_info, 0, &img->img) != VK_SUCCESS)
         goto fail;
 
-    if(!alloc_image_memory(ctx, img))
+    if(!alloc_image_memory(ctx, props->need_export, img))
         goto fail;
 
     return true;
@@ -1327,19 +1427,78 @@ fail:
 }
 
 bool
-vk_fill_ext_image_props(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                        uint32_t w,
-                        uint32_t h,
-                        uint32_t d,
-                        uint32_t num_samples,
-                        uint32_t num_levels,
-                        uint32_t num_layers,
-                        VkFormat format,
-                        VkImageTiling tiling,
-                        VkImageLayout in_layout,
-                        VkImageLayout end_layout,
-                        bool need_export,
-                        struct vk_image_props *props)
+vk_create_image_view(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                     VkImage image,
+                     VkImageViewType view_type,
+                     VkFormat format,
+                     bool is_swapchain,
+                     VkImageView *image_view)
+{
+    VkImageViewCreateInfo info;
+    VkImageSubresourceRange sr;
+    VkImageAspectFlagBits aspect = get_aspect_from_depth_format(format);
+
+    /* VkSubresourceRange */
+    memset(&sr, 0, sizeof sr);
+    sr.aspectMask = aspect ? aspect : VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+    sr.levelCount = 1;
+    sr.layerCount = 1;
+
+    memset(&info, 0, sizeof info);
+    info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+    info.image = image;
+    info.viewType = view_type;
+    info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+    info.format = format;
+    info.subresourceRange = sr;
+
+    if (is_swapchain) {
+        info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_R;
+        info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_G;
+        info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_B;
+        info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_A;
+    }
+
+    if (vkCreateImageView(ctx->dev, &info, 0, image_view) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create image view.\n");
+        image_view = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void
+vk_destroy_image(struct vk_ctx *ctx, struct vk_image_obj *img_obj)
+{
+    if (img_obj->img != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        vkDestroyImage(ctx->dev, img_obj->img, 0);
+        img_obj->img = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+
+    if (img_obj->mobj.mem != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
+        vkFreeMemory(ctx->dev, img_obj->mobj.mem, 0);
+        img_obj->mobj.mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+    }
+}
+
+bool
+vk_fill_image_props(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                    uint32_t w,
+                    uint32_t h,
+                    uint32_t d,
+                    uint32_t num_samples,
+                    uint32_t num_levels,
+                    uint32_t num_layers,
+                    VkFormat format,
+                    VkImageTiling tiling,
+                    VkImageLayout in_layout,
+                    VkImageLayout end_layout,
+                    bool is_swapchain,
+                    bool is_depth,
+                    bool need_export,
+                    struct vk_att_props *props)
 {
     props->w = w;
     props->h = h;
@@ -1354,6 +1513,9 @@ vk_fill_ext_image_props(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 
     props->in_layout = in_layout;
     props->end_layout = end_layout;
+
+    props->is_swapchain = is_swapchain;
+    props->is_depth = is_depth;
     props->need_export = need_export;
 
     if (!are_props_supported(ctx, props))
@@ -1362,56 +1524,130 @@ vk_fill_ext_image_props(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     return true;
 }
 
+struct vk_attachment
+vk_create_attachment_from_obj(struct vk_image_obj *obj,
+                              struct vk_att_props *props)
+{
+    struct vk_attachment att;
+
+    att.obj = *obj;
+    att.props = *props;
+
+    return att;
+}
+
+struct vk_attachment
+vk_create_attachment(VkImage image,
+                     VkImageView view,
+                     struct vk_att_props *props)
+{
+    struct vk_attachment att;
+
+    att.obj.img = image;
+    att.obj.img_view = view;
+    att.props = *props;
+
+    memset(&att.obj.mobj, 0, sizeof att.obj.mobj);
+
+    return att;
+}
+
+bool
+vk_create_framebuffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                      int width, int height,
+                      int num_color_atts,
+                      VkImageView *color_views,
+                      VkImageView *depth_view,
+                      VkRenderPass rpass,
+                      VkFramebuffer *fb)
+{
+    VkFramebufferCreateInfo fb_info;
+    VkImageView *atts;
+    int i;
+    int num_atts = num_color_atts + 1;
+
+    atts = malloc(num_atts * sizeof atts[0]);
+    for (i = 0; i < num_color_atts; i++) {
+        atts[i] = color_views[i];
+    }
+    atts[num_color_atts] = *depth_view;
+
+    memset(&fb_info, 0, sizeof fb_info);
+    fb_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+    fb_info.renderPass = rpass;
+    fb_info.width = width;
+    fb_info.height = height;
+    fb_info.layers = 1;
+    fb_info.attachmentCount = num_atts;
+    fb_info.pAttachments = atts;
+
+    if (vkCreateFramebuffer(ctx->dev, &fb_info, 0, fb) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create framebuffer.\n");
+
+        fb = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+        free(atts);
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    free(atts);
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool
 vk_create_renderer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                    const char *vs_src,
                    unsigned int vs_size,
                    const char *fs_src,
                    unsigned int fs_size,
+                   int w, int h,
+                   uint32_t num_samples,
                    bool enable_depth,
                    bool enable_stencil,
-                   struct vk_image_att *color_att,
-                   struct vk_image_att *depth_att,
-                   struct vk_vertex_info *vert_info,
+                   int num_color_att,
+                   struct vk_att_props *color_props,
+                   struct vk_att_props *depth_props,
+                   struct vk_geometry *geometry,
                    struct vk_renderer *renderer)
 {
-    memset(&renderer->vertex_info, 0, sizeof renderer->vertex_info);
-    if (vert_info)
-        renderer->vertex_info = *vert_info;
-
-    if (!color_att || depth_att) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Empty attachment.\n");
+    /* create image views for each attachment */
+#if 0
+    if (!create_attachment_views(ctx, num_color_att, color_att, depth_att))
         goto fail;
-    }
+#endif
 
-    renderer->renderpass = create_renderpass(ctx, &color_att->props,
-                                             &depth_att->props);
-    if (renderer->renderpass == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
-        goto fail;
-
-    create_framebuffer(ctx, color_att, depth_att, renderer);
-    if (renderer->fb == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    VkRenderPass rpass;
+    if (!vk_create_renderpass(ctx, num_color_att, color_props, depth_props,
+                              &rpass)) {
         goto fail;
+    }
+    renderer->renderpass = rpass;
 
-    renderer->vs = create_shader_module(ctx, vs_src, vs_size);
-    if (renderer->vs == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    VkShaderModule vs = create_shader_module(ctx, vs_src, vs_size);
+    if (vs == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
         goto fail;
+    renderer->vs = vs;
 
-    renderer->fs = create_shader_module(ctx, fs_src, fs_size);
-    if (renderer->fs == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    VkShaderModule fs = create_shader_module(ctx, fs_src, fs_size);
+    if (fs == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
         goto fail;
+    renderer->fs = fs;
 
-    create_pipeline(ctx, color_att->props.w, color_att->props.h,
-                    color_att->props.num_samples, enable_depth,
-                    enable_stencil, renderer);
+    if (geometry)
+        renderer->geometry = geometry;
 
-    if (renderer->pipeline == VK_NULL_HANDLE)
+    /* FIXME this is only for graphics atm */
+    if(!create_graphics_pipeline(ctx, w, h,
+                                 num_samples,
+                                 num_color_att,
+                                 enable_depth,
+                                 enable_stencil, renderer))
         goto fail;
 
     return true;
 
 fail:
-    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create graphics pipeline.\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create renderer.\n");
     vk_destroy_renderer(ctx, renderer);
     return false;
 }
@@ -1435,11 +1671,6 @@ vk_destroy_renderer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         renderer->fs = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
     }
 
-    if (renderer->fb != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
-        vkDestroyFramebuffer(ctx->dev, renderer->fb, 0);
-        renderer->fb = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
-    }
-
     if (renderer->pipeline != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
         vkDestroyPipeline(ctx->dev, renderer->pipeline, 0);
         renderer->pipeline = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -1553,7 +1784,7 @@ fail:
 
 void
 vk_destroy_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-          struct vk_buf *bo)
+                  struct vk_buf *bo)
 {
     if (bo->buf != VK_NULL_HANDLE)
         vkDestroyBuffer(ctx->dev, bo->buf, 0);
@@ -1566,29 +1797,72 @@ vk_destroy_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     bo->mobj.mem = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 }
 
-void
-vk_draw(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-        struct vk_buf *vbo,
-        struct vk_renderer *renderer,
-        float *vk_fb_color,
-        uint32_t vk_fb_color_count,
-        struct vk_semaphores *semaphores,
-        struct vk_image_att *attachments,
-        uint32_t n_attachments,
-        float x, float y,
-        float w, float h)
+bool
+vk_create_fence(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                VkFence *fence)
+{
+    VkFenceCreateInfo finfo;
+
+    memset(&finfo, 0, sizeof finfo);
+    finfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+    if (vkCreateFence(ctx->dev, &finfo, 0, fence) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create fence.\n");
+        fence = 0;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+VkCommandBuffer
+vk_create_cmd_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx)
+{
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf;
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo alloc_info;
+
+    memset(&alloc_info, 0, sizeof alloc_info);
+    alloc_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+    alloc_info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+    alloc_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
+    alloc_info.commandPool = ctx->cmd_pool;
+
+    if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(ctx->dev, &alloc_info,
+                                 &cmd_buf) != VK_SUCCESS)
+        return 0;
+
+    return cmd_buf;
+}
+
+bool
+vk_record_cmd_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                     VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
+                     struct vk_renderer *renderer,
+                     uint32_t vk_fb_color_count,
+                     float *vk_fb_color,
+                     VkFramebuffer fb,
+                     uint32_t num_atts,
+                     struct vk_attachment *atts,
+                     float x, float y,
+                     float w, float h)
 {
     VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_begin_info;
     VkRenderPassBeginInfo rp_begin_info;
     VkRect2D rp_area;
-    VkClearValue clear_values[2];
-    VkSubmitInfo submit_info;
+    VkClearValue *clear_values; int i;
     VkDeviceSize offsets[] = {0};
-    VkPipelineStageFlagBits stage_flags;
+    int num_vertices = 0;
     struct vk_dims img_size;
+    bool create_cmd_buf = false;
+    bool has_geometry = renderer->geometry != 0;
 
     assert(vk_fb_color_count == 4);
 
+    if (!cmd_buf) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Can't record an empty command buffer.\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /* VkCommandBufferBeginInfo */
     memset(&cmd_begin_info, 0, sizeof cmd_begin_info);
     cmd_begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
@@ -1602,48 +1876,29 @@ vk_draw(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     rp_area.offset.y = y;
 
     /* VkClearValue */
-    memset(&clear_values[0], 0, sizeof clear_values[0]);
-    clear_values[0].color.float32[0] = vk_fb_color[0]; /* red */
-    clear_values[0].color.float32[1] = vk_fb_color[1]; /* green */
-    clear_values[0].color.float32[2] = vk_fb_color[2]; /* blue */
-    clear_values[0].color.float32[3] = vk_fb_color[3]; /* alpha */
+    clear_values = malloc(num_atts * sizeof clear_values[0]);
+    memset(clear_values, 0, num_atts * sizeof clear_values[0]);
 
-    memset(&clear_values[1], 0, sizeof clear_values[1]);
-    clear_values[1].depthStencil.depth = 1.0;
-    clear_values[1].depthStencil.stencil = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < num_atts - 1; i++) {
+        clear_values[i].color.float32[0] = vk_fb_color[0];
+        clear_values[i].color.float32[1] = vk_fb_color[1];
+        clear_values[i].color.float32[2] = vk_fb_color[2];
+        clear_values[i].color.float32[3] = vk_fb_color[3];
+    }
+    clear_values[num_atts - 1].depthStencil.depth = 1.0f;
+    clear_values[num_atts - 1].depthStencil.stencil = 0;
 
     /* VkRenderPassBeginInfo */
     memset(&rp_begin_info, 0, sizeof rp_begin_info);
     rp_begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
     rp_begin_info.renderPass = renderer->renderpass;
-    rp_begin_info.framebuffer = renderer->fb;
+    rp_begin_info.framebuffer = fb;
     rp_begin_info.renderArea = rp_area;
-    rp_begin_info.clearValueCount = 2;
+    rp_begin_info.clearValueCount = num_atts;
     rp_begin_info.pClearValues = clear_values;
 
-    /* VkSubmitInfo */
-    stage_flags = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
-
-    memset(&submit_info, 0, sizeof submit_info);
-    submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
-    submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
-    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &ctx->cmd_buf;
-
-    /* semaphores */
-    if (semaphores) {
-        assert(semaphores->frame_ready);
-        assert(semaphores->frame_done);
-
-        submit_info.pWaitDstStageMask = &stage_flags;
-        submit_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
-        submit_info.pWaitSemaphores = &semaphores->frame_done;
-
-        submit_info.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
-        submit_info.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores->frame_ready;
-    }
-
-    vkBeginCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
-    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(ctx->cmd_buf, &rp_begin_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+    vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
+    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd_buf, &rp_begin_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
 
     viewport.x = x;
     viewport.y = y;
@@ -1655,31 +1910,41 @@ vk_draw(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     scissor.extent.width = w;
     scissor.extent.height = h;
 
-    vkCmdSetViewport(ctx->cmd_buf, 0, 1, &viewport);
-    vkCmdSetScissor(ctx->cmd_buf, 0, 1, &scissor);
+    vkCmdSetViewport(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &viewport);
+    vkCmdSetScissor(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &scissor);
 
     img_size.w = (float)w;
     img_size.h = (float)h;
-    vkCmdPushConstants(ctx->cmd_buf,
-               renderer->pipeline_layout,
-               VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
-               0, sizeof (struct vk_dims),
-               &img_size);
+    vkCmdPushConstants(cmd_buf,
+                       renderer->pipeline_layout,
+                       VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+                       0, sizeof (struct vk_dims),
+                       &img_size);
 
-    if (vbo) {
-        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(ctx->cmd_buf, 0, 1, &vbo->buf, offsets);
+    if (has_geometry && renderer->geometry->vertices.num_vertices > 0) {
+        num_vertices = renderer->geometry->vertices.num_vertices;
+        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &renderer->geometry->vertices.vbo.buf, offsets);
     }
-    vkCmdBindPipeline(ctx->cmd_buf, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->pipeline);
 
-    int num_vertices = vbo ? renderer->vertex_info.num_verts : 4;
-    vkCmdDraw(ctx->cmd_buf, num_vertices, 1, 0, 0);
-    vkCmdEndRenderPass(ctx->cmd_buf);
-    if (attachments) {
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd_buf, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                      renderer->pipeline);
+
+    /* FIXME: temporal hack because I hard code 4 vertices in the
+     * vertex shader until I properly support VBOs */
+    if (!num_vertices)
+        num_vertices = 4;
+
+    vkCmdDraw(cmd_buf, num_vertices, 1, 0, 0);
+    vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd_buf);
+
+    free(clear_values);
+#if 0
+    if (atts) {
         VkImageMemoryBarrier *barriers =
-            calloc(n_attachments, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
+            calloc(num_atts, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
         VkImageMemoryBarrier *barrier = barriers;
-        for (uint32_t n = 0; n < n_attachments; n++, barrier++) {
-            struct vk_image_att *att = &attachments[n];
+        for (uint32_t n = 0; n < num_atts; n++, barrier++) {
+            struct vk_attachment *att = &atts[n];
             VkImageAspectFlagBits depth_stencil_flags =
                 get_aspect_from_depth_format(att->props.format);
             bool is_depth = (depth_stencil_flags != 0);
@@ -1704,35 +1969,97 @@ vk_draw(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
             barrier->subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
         }
 
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(ctx->cmd_buf,
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd_buf,
                      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT,
                      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                      0,
                      0, NULL,
                      0, NULL,
-                     n_attachments, barriers);
+                     num_atts, barriers);
         free(barriers);
     }
+#endif
 
-    vkEndCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf);
+    vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd_buf);
+    if (create_cmd_buf) {
+        vk_destroy_cmd_buffers(ctx, 1, &cmd_buf);
+    }
+    return true;
+}
 
-    if (vkQueueSubmit(ctx->queue, 1, &submit_info, VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+void
+vk_draw(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+        struct vk_semaphores *semaphores,
+        uint32_t num_buffers,
+        VkCommandBuffer *cmd_buf)
+{
+    VkSubmitInfo submit_info;
+    VkPipelineStageFlagBits stage_flags;
+
+    /* VkSubmitInfo */
+    memset(&submit_info, 0, sizeof submit_info);
+    submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+    submit_info.commandBufferCount = num_buffers;
+    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = cmd_buf;
+
+    /* semaphores */
+    if (semaphores) {
+        assert(semaphores->frame_ready);
+        assert(semaphores->frame_done);
+
+        /* The subpasses in a render pass automatically take care of
+         * image layout transitions. These transitions are controlled
+         * by subpass dependencies, which specify memory and execution
+         * dependencies between subpasses. We have only a single subpass
+         * right now, but the operations right before and right after
+         * this subpass also count as implicit "subpasses". There are two
+         * built-in dependencies that take care of the transition at the
+         * start of the render pass and at the end of the render pass,
+         * but the former does not occur at the right time. It assumes
+         * that the transition occurs at the start of the pipeline,
+         * but we haven't acquired the image yet at that point! There are
+         * two ways to deal with this problem.
+         *
+         * We could change the waitStages for the frame_ready semaphore
+         * to VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT to ensure that the render
+         * passes don't begin until the image is available, or we can make
+         * the render pass wait for the
+         * VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT stage.
+         */
+        stage_flags = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
+
+        submit_info.pWaitDstStageMask = &stage_flags;
+        submit_info.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
+        submit_info.pWaitSemaphores = &semaphores->frame_done;
+
+        submit_info.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
+        submit_info.pSignalSemaphores = &semaphores->frame_ready;
+    }
+
+
+    if (vkQueueSubmit(ctx->queue, 1, &submit_info,
+                      VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to submit queue.\n");
+        abort();
     }
 
-    if (!semaphores)
-        vkQueueWaitIdle(ctx->queue);
+    if (vkQueueWaitIdle(ctx->queue) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to wait idle.\n");
+        abort();
+    }
 }
 
 void
 vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+               VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
                struct vk_buf *vbo,
                struct vk_renderer *renderer,
                float *vk_fb_color,
                uint32_t vk_fb_color_count,
+               VkFramebuffer fb,
                struct vk_semaphores *semaphores,
                bool has_wait, bool has_signal,
-               struct vk_image_att *attachments,
+               struct vk_attachment *attachments,
                uint32_t n_attachments,
                float x, float y,
                float w, float h)
@@ -1774,7 +2101,7 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     memset(&rp_begin_info, 0, sizeof rp_begin_info);
     rp_begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
     rp_begin_info.renderPass = renderer->renderpass;
-    rp_begin_info.framebuffer = renderer->fb;
+    rp_begin_info.framebuffer = fb;
     rp_begin_info.renderArea = rp_area;
     rp_begin_info.clearValueCount = 2;
     rp_begin_info.pClearValues = clear_values;
@@ -1785,7 +2112,7 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     memset(&submit_info, 0, sizeof submit_info);
     submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
     submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
-    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &ctx->cmd_buf;
+    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &cmd_buf;
 
     /* FIXME */
     if (has_wait) {
@@ -1805,21 +2132,21 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     img_range.baseArrayLayer = 0;
     img_range.layerCount = 1;
 
-    vkBeginCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
+    vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
     vk_transition_image_layout(&attachments[0],
-                               ctx->cmd_buf,
+                               cmd_buf,
                                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
                                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
                                VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_EXTERNAL,
                                ctx->qfam_idx);
-    vkCmdClearColorImage(ctx->cmd_buf,
+    vkCmdClearColorImage(cmd_buf,
                          attachments[0].obj.img,
                          VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL,
                          &clear_values[0].color,
                          1,
                          &img_range);
 
-    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(ctx->cmd_buf, &rp_begin_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+    vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd_buf, &rp_begin_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
 
     viewport.x = x;
     viewport.y = y;
@@ -1831,12 +2158,13 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     scissor.extent.width = w;
     scissor.extent.height = h;
 
-    vkCmdSetViewport(ctx->cmd_buf, 0, 1, &viewport);
-    vkCmdSetScissor(ctx->cmd_buf, 0, 1, &scissor);
+    vkCmdSetViewport(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &viewport);
+    vkCmdSetScissor(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &scissor);
 
-    vkCmdBindPipeline(ctx->cmd_buf, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, renderer->pipeline);
+    vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd_buf, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+                      renderer->pipeline);
 
-    vkCmdEndRenderPass(ctx->cmd_buf);
+    vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd_buf);
 
     if (attachments) {
         VkImageMemoryBarrier *barriers =
@@ -1844,13 +2172,13 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         VkImageMemoryBarrier *barrier = barriers;
 
         for (uint32_t n = 0; n < n_attachments; n++, barrier++) {
-            struct vk_image_att *att = &attachments[n];
+            struct vk_attachment *att = &attachments[n];
 
             /* Insert barrier to mark ownership transfer. */
             barrier->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
 
             bool is_depth =
-                get_aspect_from_depth_format(att->props.format) != VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+                get_aspect_from_depth_format(att->props.format) != 0;
 
             barrier->oldLayout = is_depth ?
                 VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL :
@@ -1870,7 +2198,7 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
             barrier->subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
         }
 
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(ctx->cmd_buf,
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd_buf,
                      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT,
                      VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT,
                      0,
@@ -1880,9 +2208,10 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         free(barriers);
     }
 
-    vkEndCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf);
+    vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd_buf);
 
-    if (vkQueueSubmit(ctx->queue, 1, &submit_info, VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+    if (vkQueueSubmit(ctx->queue, 1, &submit_info,
+                      VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to submit queue.\n");
     }
 
@@ -1890,6 +2219,33 @@ vk_clear_color(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         vkQueueWaitIdle(ctx->queue);
 }
 
+void
+vk_set_viewport(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
+                float x, float y,
+                float w, float h,
+                float near, float far)
+{
+    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo binfo;
+    VkViewport viewport;
+
+    memset(&viewport, 0, sizeof viewport);
+    viewport.x = x;
+    viewport.y = y;
+    viewport.width = w;
+    viewport.height = h;
+    viewport.minDepth = near;
+    viewport.maxDepth = far;
+
+    memset(&binfo, 0, sizeof binfo);
+    binfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+    binfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;
+
+    vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd_buf, &binfo);
+    vkCmdSetViewport(cmd_buf, 0, 1, &viewport);
+    vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd_buf);
+}
+
 bool
 vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                     int width, int height,
@@ -1901,9 +2257,7 @@ vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surf_cap;
     VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR s_info;
     VkExtent2D extent;
-    VkImageSubresourceRange sr;
-    VkImage *s_images;
-    int i;
+    int i, j;
 
     if (!sc_validate_surface(ctx, surf)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to validate surface!\n");
@@ -1918,25 +2272,17 @@ vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         return false;
     }
 
-    /* allocate and init an empty struct vk_swapchain */
-    swapchain = malloc(sizeof *swapchain);
     memset(swapchain, 0, sizeof *swapchain);
 
-    swapchain->surface = surf;
-
     memset(&s_info, 0, sizeof s_info);
     s_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
     s_info.flags = 0;
-    /* surface format */
     if (!sc_select_format(ctx, surf, &s_info)) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to determine the surface format.\n");
         return false;
     }
     s_info.surface = surf;
-
-    /* number of images */
     s_info.minImageCount = surf_cap.minImageCount;
-    /* swapchain images dims */
     {
         extent.width = width;
         extent.height = height;
@@ -1946,8 +2292,6 @@ vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     }
     s_info.imageExtent = extent;
     s_info.imageArrayLayers = 1;
-    /* enable color attachment bit and transfer src and transfer dst bits
-     * too if they are supported */
     {
         s_info.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
         if (surf_cap.supportedUsageFlags & VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT)
@@ -1960,16 +2304,15 @@ vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
 
     /* we might want to use this function when we recreate the swapchain too */
     s_info.preTransform = surf_cap.supportedTransforms &
-                            VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR ?
-                            VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR :
-                            surf_cap.currentTransform;
+                          VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR ?
+                          VK_SURFACE_TRANSFORM_IDENTITY_BIT_KHR :
+                          surf_cap.currentTransform;
 
     /* we could also write a sc_select_supported_composite_alpha
      * later but VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR is universally
      * supported */
     s_info.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
     s_info.clipped = VK_TRUE;
-    s_info.oldSwapchain = old_swapchain ? old_swapchain->swapchain : 0;
 
     if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(ctx->dev, &s_info, 0,
                              &swapchain->swapchain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
@@ -1977,72 +2320,100 @@ vk_create_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
         return false;
     }
 
-    /* if an existing swapchain is recreated we need to destroy
-     * the old swapchain and clean up the images */
-    if (old_swapchain) {
-        for (i = 0; i < old_swapchain->num_images; i++) {
-            vkDestroyImageView(ctx->dev, old_swapchain->images[i].image_view, 0);
-        }
-        vk_destroy_swapchain(ctx, old_swapchain);
+    if (!swapchain->swapchain) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "The swapchain seems null\n");
+        return false;
     }
 
     /* get the number of swapchain images and the swapchain images
      * and store the new swapchain images
      */
-    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(ctx->dev, swapchain->swapchain, &swapchain->num_images, 0);
+    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(ctx->dev, swapchain->swapchain,
+                            &swapchain->num_images, 0);
     printf("number of swapchain images: %d\n", swapchain->num_images);
 
-    /* create images */
-    s_images = malloc(swapchain->num_images * sizeof(VkImage));
-    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(ctx->dev, swapchain->swapchain, &swapchain->num_images, s_images);
+    /* get the images */
+    swapchain->images = (VkImage*)alloca(swapchain->num_images * sizeof(VkImage));
+    vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(ctx->dev, swapchain->swapchain,
+                            &swapchain->num_images,
+                            swapchain->images);
 
+    /* create attributes from those images */
     swapchain->image_fmt = s_info.imageFormat;
-    swapchain->images = malloc(swapchain->num_images * sizeof(struct vk_swap_image_obj));
 
-    memset(&sr, 0, sizeof sr);
-    sr.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
-    sr.levelCount = 1;
-    sr.layerCount = 1;
+    vk_fill_image_props(ctx, width, height, 1,
+                        1, 1, 1,
+                        s_info.imageFormat,
+                        0,
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+                        VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+                        true, false, false,
+                        &swapchain->img_props);
+
+    swapchain->img_props.usage = s_info.imageUsage;
+    swapchain->views = malloc(swapchain->num_images * sizeof(VkImageView));
 
     for (i = 0; i < swapchain->num_images; i++) {
-        swapchain->images[i].image = s_images[i];
-        if (!(create_image_view(ctx,
-                                swapchain->images[i].image,
-                                VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
-                                swapchain->image_fmt,
-                                sr,
-                                true,
-                                &swapchain->images[i].image_view))) {
-            fprintf(stderr, "Fail to create an image view from the swapchain image: i=%d\n", i);
-            break;
-        }
-        if (i < swapchain->num_images - 1) {
-            int j;
-            for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
-                vkDestroyImageView(ctx->dev, swapchain->images[i].image_view, 0);
-            }
-            return false;
+        if (!vk_create_image_view(ctx, swapchain->images[i],
+                                  VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D,
+                                  s_info.imageFormat, true,
+                                  &swapchain->views[i])) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create image view for image: %d\n", i);
+            goto fail;
         }
     }
 
-    free(s_images);
     return true;
+
+fail:
+    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+        vkDestroyImageView(ctx->dev, swapchain->views[j], 0);
+    }
+    return false;
 }
 
 void
 vk_destroy_swapchain(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                      struct vk_swapchain *swapchain)
 {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < swapchain->num_images; i++) {
+        vkDestroyImageView(ctx->dev, swapchain->views[i], 0);
+    }
     vkDestroySwapchainKHR(ctx->dev, swapchain->swapchain, 0);
-    vkDestroySurfaceKHR(ctx->inst, swapchain->surface, 0);
+}
+
+bool
+vk_queue_present(struct vk_swapchain *swapchain,
+                 VkQueue queue,
+                 uint32_t image_idx,
+                 VkSemaphore wait_sema)
+{
+    VkPresentInfoKHR pinfo;
+
+    memset(&pinfo, 0, sizeof pinfo);
+    pinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
+    pinfo.swapchainCount = 1;
+    pinfo.pSwapchains = &swapchain->swapchain;
+    pinfo.pImageIndices = &image_idx;
+
+    pinfo.pWaitSemaphores = &wait_sema;
+    pinfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
+
+    /* FIXME: add code for VK_KHR_incremental_present_enabled!! */
 
-    free(swapchain);
-    swapchain = 0;
+    if (vkQueuePresentKHR(queue, &pinfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to present queue.\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
 }
 
 void
 vk_copy_image_to_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
-                        struct vk_image_att *src_img,
+                        VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
+                        struct vk_attachment *src_img,
                         struct vk_buf *dst_bo,
                         float w, float h)
 {
@@ -2058,12 +2429,12 @@ vk_copy_image_to_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     memset(&submit_info, 0, sizeof submit_info);
     submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
     submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1;
-    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &ctx->cmd_buf;
+    submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &cmd_buf;
 
-    vkBeginCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
+    vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd_buf, &cmd_begin_info);
     if (src_img->props.end_layout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL && dst_bo) {
         vk_transition_image_layout(src_img,
-                                   ctx->cmd_buf,
+                                   cmd_buf,
                                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
                                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                                    VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_EXTERNAL,
@@ -2085,13 +2456,13 @@ vk_copy_image_to_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
             .imageExtent = { w, h, 1 }
                 };
 
-        vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf,
+        vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(cmd_buf,
                                src_img->obj.img,
                                VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                                dst_bo->buf, 1, &copy_region);
 
         vk_transition_image_layout(src_img,
-                                   ctx->cmd_buf,
+                                   cmd_buf,
                                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
                                    VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
                                    VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_EXTERNAL,
@@ -2108,14 +2479,14 @@ vk_copy_image_to_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
             .size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE
         };
 
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(ctx->cmd_buf,
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd_buf,
                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
                              VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT,
                              (VkDependencyFlags) 0, 0, NULL,
                              1, &write_finish_buffer_memory_barrier,
                              0, NULL);
     }
-    vkEndCommandBuffer(ctx->cmd_buf);
+    vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd_buf);
 
     if (vkQueueSubmit(ctx->queue, 1, &submit_info, VK_NULL_HANDLE) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Failed to submit queue.\n");
@@ -2123,7 +2494,6 @@ vk_copy_image_to_buffer(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
     vkQueueWaitIdle(ctx->queue);
 }
 
-// FIXME: external
 bool
 vk_create_semaphores(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                      bool is_external,
@@ -2161,22 +2531,67 @@ void
 vk_destroy_semaphores(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
                       struct vk_semaphores *semaphores)
 {
-    if (semaphores->frame_ready)
-        vkDestroySemaphore(ctx->dev, semaphores->frame_ready, 0);
-    if (semaphores->frame_done)
-        vkDestroySemaphore(ctx->dev, semaphores->frame_done, 0);
+    vkDestroySemaphore(ctx->dev, semaphores->frame_ready, 0);
+    semaphores->frame_ready = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+    vkDestroySemaphore(ctx->dev, semaphores->frame_done, 0);
+    semaphores->frame_done = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+bool
+vk_create_fences(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                 int num_cmd_buf,
+                 VkFenceCreateFlagBits flags,
+                 VkFence *fences)
+{
+    VkFenceCreateInfo f_info;
+    int i, j = -1;
+
+    memset(&f_info, 0, sizeof f_info);
+    f_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
+    f_info.flags = flags ? flags : VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;
+
+
+    fences = malloc(num_cmd_buf * sizeof(VkFence));
+    for (i = 0; i < num_cmd_buf; i++) {
+        if (vkCreateFence(ctx->dev, &f_info, 0, &fences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create fence number: %d\n", (i + 1));
+            j = i;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (j == i) {
+        for (i = 0; i < j; i++) {
+            vkDestroyFence(ctx->dev, fences[i], 0);
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void
+vk_destroy_fences(struct vk_ctx *ctx,
+                  int num_fences,
+                  VkFence *fences)
+{
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < num_fences; i++) {
+        vkDestroyFence(ctx->dev, fences[i], 0);
+    }
 }
 
 void
-vk_transition_image_layout(struct vk_image_att *img_att,
-               VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
-               VkImageLayout old_layout,
-               VkImageLayout new_layout,
-               uint32_t src_queue_fam_idx,
-               uint32_t dst_queue_fam_idx)
+vk_transition_image_layout(struct vk_attachment *img_att,
+                           VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf,
+                           VkImageLayout old_layout,
+                           VkImageLayout new_layout,
+                           uint32_t src_queue_fam_idx,
+                           uint32_t dst_queue_fam_idx)
 {
     VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier;
-    struct vk_image_props props = img_att->props;
+    struct vk_att_props props = img_att->props;
     VkImageAspectFlagBits aspect_mask = get_aspect_from_depth_format(props.format);
 
     memset(&barrier, 0, sizeof barrier);